Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences

  Metallic biomaterials have captured a lot of interest because of their distinct mechanical characteristics, biocompatibility, and usefulness in biopharmaceutical and biomedical applications. These materials are essential for the creation of several medical equipment and treatment strategies. They include titanium, cobalt-chromium alloys, stainless steel, and biodegradable metals. Metallic implants in orthopaedics offer strong support for bone mending and joint replacement; they have outstanding load-bearing capacity and are resistant to corrosion and wear. Metallic heart valves and stents provide structural integrity and functionality in cardiovascular applications, enhancing patient outcomes in heart valve and coronary artery illness. Metallic biomaterials are manufactured systems created to give biological tissues intrinsic support, and they are commonly employed in stents, dental implants, orthopaedic fixations, and joint replacements. Increased implant-related issues are link...

  Metabolic syndrome is an error in metabolism characterized by dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, and central obesity which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke. Prevention of metabolic syndrome is by consuming foods that contain high levels of bioactive compounds, for example, sacha inchi. Tempeh is a fermented food native to Indonesia which can increase the content of antioxidants and phenolic compounds which can help cure metabolic syndrome and hypertension. This is an experimental study with a pre-test and post-test with a control group as the design with the independent variable sacha inchi tempeh and the dependent variables blood pressure and Lee index. The number of rats samples was 36 and divided into 6 groups, namely K0 as healthy control, K- as diseased control, K+ (Simvastatin 0.18 g), P1 (0.9 dose), P2 (1.8 dose) and P3 (dose 3.6) and given intervention for 35 days. Data analysis used the statistical application of the Paired T-test and o...

  Synbiotics are well accepted for their nutraceutical value and also in therapeutics for lifestyle disorders like diabetes, cardiovascular, neurological diseases and PCOS. Current manuscript presents the study of prebiotic potential of Pectin isolated from Nagpuri orange on the strains of probiotic bacteria like L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, B. bifidum, and B. lactis. In vitro and in vivo evaluation shows a significant increase in the L. acidophilus colonies as 2.12 ± 0.04 cfu/g followed by L. plantarum as 1.38 ± 0.03 cfu/g, B. lactis as 0.68 ± 0.04 cfu/g and B. bifidum as 0.48 ± 0.05 cfu/g using a modified MRS media. The highest cfu/g complemented the declined pH of cultured media to 6.05 ± 1.32 from near neutral pH. In vivo study using Sprague Dawley rats presented enhanced fecal colony count for L. acidophilus as 8.92 ± 0.04 cfu/g along with confirmation for microscopical characteristics of Gram-positive, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-sporulating bacteria showing catalase-negativ...

  Dengue fever is a significant threat to global health, caused by the dengue virus and transmitted mainly by Aedes mosquitoes. It is crucial to understand the transmission dynamics of the virus to develop effective control and prevention strategies. Epidemiological studies have provided valuable insights into outbreaks' spread patterns, risk factors, and nature. These are essential for targeted interventions such as vector control, reducing human-mosquito contact, and community-based preventive measures. At the same time, there is a pressing need to develop effective therapies to alleviate the disease burden and reduce mortality associated with dengue outbreaks. Current therapeutic research focuses on antiviral treatments, supportive care strategies, and vaccine development to combat the diverse clinical manifestations of dengue. To address the multifaceted challenges of dengue, there must be a concerted effort toward developing robust preventive measures, innovative therapies, an...

  This study aims to describe the long-term survivorship of Billroth I (or Pean's) reconstruction technique in patients with distal gastric cancer. A single-arm longitudinal observational study was conducted at Viet Duc University Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam, from 2018 to 2021. A total of 103 patients who were diagnosed with primary carcinoma in the lower third of the stomach and underwent lower pole gastrectomy with Péan anastomosis were recruited. The Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to estimate the survival outcome. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to measure the factors associated with survivorship. Results showed that 8.7% died during the study period. The Restricted Mean Survival Time (RMST) was 61.9 (95%CI=59.4-64.4) months. RMST was significantly different across the stages of cancer, T and N. Specifically, patients with advanced stage (III) had a substantially lower RMST (49.2 months) compared to those with early-stage (I&II). Patients with T...

  besity is a state of excessive fat accumulation due to a prolonged imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Zinc deficiency is crucial in the etiology of obesity/overweight, and is a consequence of excessive body weight as well. Hypozincemia worsens metabolic, immune, and oxidative status in obesity. Increasing zinc intake through diet or supplementation may be a viable strategy to reduce obesity-related disorders or conditions. Probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei Shirota is a lactic acid bacterium that has benefits for boosting the immune system, as an antioxidant, and can reduce cholesterol levels. This study analyzed the effect of zinc supplementation, Lactobacillus casei (LCS) and their co-supplementation on lipid profile consisting of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides (TG), waist circumstance and body fat percentage in obese women. Eighty-four participants were randomized to four groups (zinc (30...

  Electromagnetic frequencies (EMF) that are generated from different electronic devices can interact with biological systems including humans. Several theories described the effects of EMF on the growth of in vitro cancer cell lines and biological systems, which revealed that EMF could inhibit cancer cell growth or decrease viability depending on the field strength and frequency. Accordingly, in this study, we are targeting to assess the effect of the anticancer-extracted electromagnetic spectrums on the growth of two types of cell lines which are the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and human embryonic kidney HEK293 as a control cell line. Drugs digitalized electromagnetic spectrums of a mixture of anticancer medications were generated using a DigiConPro® VITATEC device emitted using the supplied antenna and applied to a 96-well culture plate containing MCF-7 and HEK293. The cell viability was performed by MTT assay after three days. The post-exposure effect of anticancers' electrom...

  This study examines pulmonary TB diagnosis and Rifampicin resistance in sputum samples from a Delhi tertiary hospital. Findings indicate a 3.08% TB prevalence, significant gender differences, and morning specimens' diagnostic superiority. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) ranks second only to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in terms of infectious disease-related deaths, and it also plays a significant role in the development of antibiotic resistance worldwide [1]. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is responsible for transmitting it, making it one of the oldest diseases known to affect humans and a major cause of death on a global scale [2]. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a thin, aerobic bacterium that measures 0.5 x 3 m, is rod-shaped, and is non-spore-forming in nature. Acid-fast microorganisms are known as mycobacteria. https://jmpas.com/abstract/1264

  This study measured clinical characteristics and factors associated with Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores among adult patients with psoriasis vulgaris and associations between psoriasis vulgaris characteristics and atherosclerosis in Vietnamese hospitals. A cross-sectional study was conducted at a hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam. A total of 210 patients with psoriasis vulgaris were recruited. Clinical characteristics and PASI score were measured. Atherosclerosis was assessed. Multivariate regression models were used. Results showed that the mean PASI score was 9.6 (SD=6.1). The majority of patients (52.9%) had atherosclerosis. The carotid, lower, and upper limbs atherosclerosis rates were 48.8%, 24.4%, and 17.7%, respectively. Duration of disease (Coef.=0.07; 95%CI=0.01-0.12), plaque type (Coef.=2.38; 95%CI=0.71-4.04), elevated triglyceride (Coef.=1.07; 95%CI=0.04-2.11) and LDL-C (Coef.=1.14; 95%CI=0.09-2.18) were positively correlated with PASI score. Similarly, itchin...

  Elevated blood pressure, also known as hypertension, significantly increases the risk of developing heart disease. It can damage heart muscle cells and trigger apoptosis (cell death). Antioxidants like lactoferrin can help protect the heart from damage by reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), harmful molecules that can damage cells. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of lactoferrin in alleviating apoptosis in cardiomyocytes by assessing caspase-3 levels. This study randomly assigned 32 rats into 6 groups: control, dexamethasone, positive control, and 3 lactoferrin groups (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg BW/day). All groups except control received dexamethasone for 14 days. On day 14, rats were euthanized, and heart muscle tissue was collected. Caspase-3 levels were measured and analyzed using One-Way ANOVA. The average caspase-3 enzyme levels in the lactoferrin-treated groups with 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg BW/day were 2,605.0, 2,720.9, and 2,518.8 ng/mL, respectiv...

  This study aimed to determine the sunscreen activity of ethanol extract, subfraction, pure isolate and lotion of Wodyetia bifurcata fruit. In addition, the physical and organoleptic properties of the extract were determined. Sunscreen activity was measured using UV spectrophotometry, and sun protection factor (SPF) values were used. The results show that at the same concentration (extract 12%), the highest SPF value is 39.144±0.450 and the lotion is 37.039±0.368; the lowest SPF value is 36.815±0.067, and the lotion is 25.798 ± 0.392 (subfraction B). The SPF values of the pure isolate and lotion are 9.104±0.268 and 6.091±0.187, respectively. The physical properties of the extract lotion comply with the 1996 Indonesian national standards, and the most preferred formula is 2%. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry characterization results showed that the main compound in the ethanol extract was oleic acid (18.39%). In comparison, the pure isolate obtained was β-sitosterol (4.56%), wh...

  Evaluate the results and unwanted effects of intra-articular injection therapy of hyaluronic acid combined with sorbitol in the treatment of primary knee osteoarthritis. Subjects and methods: Prospective, interventional, controlled study with longitudinal follow-up on 101 patients with 151 knee osteoarthritis stages II and III according to Kellgren and Lawrence, divided into 2 groups: intervention group. Inject 1 tube of Synolis VA 80/160mg into the damaged knee joint, the c ontrol group was treated with oral medications Mobic, Viatril S. VAS, WOMAC scores, knee flexion amplitude in the intervention group improved significantly starting from week 4 and continued until week 12, statistically significantly better than the control group (p< 0.01). After 12 weeks of treatment, the VAS score decreased from 5.28 to 1.24, the rate of moderate/severe pain decreased from 100% to 6.8%, 39.2% had no pain, the overall WOMAC score decreased from 36.46. down to 12.27, the knee joint flexion...

  The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, like Beta, poses a challenge due to potential changes in viral infectivity and immune escape. This study employs computational tools to analyze the interaction between the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant and the human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Additionally, the potential inhibitory effect of an S304 Fab antibody fragment on this interaction is investigated. Protein structures were visualized using RASMOL/PYMOL and validated with ERRAT/PROCHECK. Docking simulations with the CB-DOCK server were performed to predict the binding mode and affinity of S304 Fab to the Beta variant RBD- ACE2 complex. Our results provide insights into the structural features of the Beta variant RBD-ACE2 interaction and predict potential binding sites for the S304 Fab fragment. The findings contribute to understanding viral entry mechanisms for the Beta variant and suggest S304 Fab as a likely candidate for further in...

  Cancer, a leading global cause of death, drives research for safer treatments. Doxorubicin is an effective anticancer drug but is associated with cardiotoxicity as a characteristic adverse effect. Bacopa monnieri, a traditional Ayurvedic herb rich in antioxidants, emerges as a potential adjunct in cancer treatment. The study aims to explore Bacopa monnieri's impact on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. The study was conducted in 30 rats with 6 rats in each of the 5 groups: Group 1 was administered distilled water; Group 2 received Doxorubicin at 5 mg/kg by IP on days 7, 14, and 21. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were administered Bacopa monnieri at 75mg/kg, 150mg/kg, and 250mg/kg orally daily doses along with Doxorubicin at 5mg/kg by IP on days 7,14 and 21. The Bacopa monnieri-treated groups compared to the Doxorubicin(Dox) group showed a significant reduction in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), troponin I, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels while the levels of antioxidants Superoxide dismuta...

  Thyroid dysfunction may exacerbate the systemic inflammatory condition known as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this cross-sectional study, 53 patients' thyroid function tests (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Free T4, Free T3) and RA activity scores (including the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28)) were correlated with lifestyle variables including smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Results indicate that TSH levels and RA severity are strongly positively correlated (correlation coefficients: 0.85 for HAQ and 0.89 for DAS28); on the other hand, levels of Free T4 and Free T3 were negatively correlated with RA severity. With just one case of overt hypothyroidism, the bulk of the sample (87%) received a diagnosis of hypothyroidism, most of it subclinical. These results emphasize the need of include thyroid function monitoring into RA treatment plans and imply that lifestyle variables as well as thyroid hormone levels should...

  The commercial need for herbal formulations is increasing now a days as natural remedies are more favored in the belief that they are safer with fewer side effects than synthetic ones. Therefore, it is rational to develop a multipurpose herbal cream that is free from toxic side effects, safe and effective with better patient compliance as compare to allopathic preparations. The present research work related to a multipurpose herbal cream was formulated and subjected to various evaluation parameters, and the findings obtained were evaluated for the limits. The herbal ingredients used to develop the herbal cream comprises aloe vera, Neem oil, turmeric, and rose water. The novel formulations were evaluated for various physicochemical parameters, including appearance, emulsion, pH, texture, homogeneity, irritancy, SPF, antimicrobial studies and identification of constituents. Among all the prepared creams both F1 & F2 were observed as the best formulations. The present research w...

  The objective of this study was to analyse the prognosis values of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation on the overall survival in patients with newly diagnosed isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) wild-type glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). A retrospective observational study was conducted on 108 IDH1 wild-type glioblastoma patients who underwent tumour resection at neurosurgical centres, including Hanoi Medical University Hospital and Viet Duc University Hospital, from October 2017 to December 2021. The MGMT status was assessed using methylation-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (MSP). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed. Of 108 patients, 79.6% had methylated MGMT. The median overall survival of patients with IDH1 wild-type GBM was 8.47 months (95%Confidence Interval (CI) =6.93-11.07). Patients with Methylated MGMT had a lower mortality risk (Hazard Ratio (HR) =0.63, 95%CI=0.41-0.98) than those...

  To date, no effective treatment has been found to improve the quality of life and condition of patients with diabetes mellitus. Currently, people are interested in using herbal medicines to treat diabetes mellitus or control hyperglycemia. Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn (roselle) calyx extract has been widely documented in various literatures for the treatment of several diseases, including diabetes mellitus. Roselle has many phytoconstituents, but roselle pharmacological mechanism of action and its active substances that are associated with insulin resistance prevention are still little known. This review identified the phytochemical constituent and potential effect of roselle extract to prevent insulin resistance through analysis of a network pharmacology approach and subsequent experimental research. The mechanism of action of roselle has not been explained in detail, though hypoxia inducible factor-1 pathway might be involved due to its anthocyanin content. Therefore, upcoming rese...

  The method developed uses whole coconut as the raw material for making VCO through an easy-to-apply fermentation process, adding dragon’s blood fruit extract in concentrations of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%. Peroxide and iodine numbers were tested as parameters of VCO quality. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) method was used to analyze the fatty acid profile of VCO after transesterification. The results showed that the highest total saturated fatty acid content of 97.28% was found in the VCO sample with a 40% concentration of dragon’s blood fruit, and the unsaturated fatty acid profiles detected in the VCO included palmitoleic acid, methyl linoleic, and methyl oleic. The addition of dragon’s blood fruit can also reduce the peroxide number and increase the iodine number in accordance with SNI 7381-2008, which is below the maximum limit of the VCO peroxide number of 2.0 mEq/kg of oil while the iodine number of the VCO is in the range of 4.1–11 g iodine/100g. It can be...

  Drug induced thrombocytopenia is a common drug side effect which is frequently encountered upon antibiotics use in patients admitted to hospital. It has been associated with various complications related to liability of bleeding. https://jmpas.com/abstract/1252

  Lung cancer remains a significant global health concern, impacting patients and healthcare systems alike. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in understanding the biology, diagnosis, and treatment of both small-cell and non-small-cell lung cancer (SCLC and NSCLC). This research paper synthesizes and reviews key findings from multiple studies published between 2007 and 2023, addressing various aspects of lung cancer researchThe studies covered in this review encompass a broad spectrum of topics, including systemic therapy, targeted treatments, genetic mutations, healthcare strategies, and patient outcomes. Notable highlights include the impact of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors on NSCLC treatment, the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) in lung adenocarcinoma, the utilization of large databases in radiation oncology research, and the importance of empathy in patient care.The paper also examines the latest developments in the molecular epidemi...

  Since curcumin and curcuminoids include potential functional groups (such as α, β-unsaturated β-diketone, α, β-unsaturated ketone, and β 0-hydroxy-α, β-unsaturated ketone linked with aromatic rings on both sides), they have been the subject of much discussion. These groups have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant qualities, among other bioactivities. Using spectroscopic techniques, novel compounds of curcumin were created and described. This study assessed the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of PDB ID:1IU 4 and PDB ID: 4LHF molecular docking, utilizing in silico models. In terms of binding affinity, compounds C-04 and C-05 they had a greater affinity for the 1IU4 and 4LHF, respectively. Using the Agar disc diffusion plate method (500μg/mL), the derivatized compounds were evaluated for their in-vitro antibacterial properties against two strains: S. Aureus and E. coli. When compared to conventional ciprofloxacin, compound C-04 demonstrated good to excepti...

  Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made substantial advancements across various medical specialties, revolutionizing healthcare delivery and outcomes. In recent years, AI has been increasingly applied to surgical disciplines, including biliary and pancreatic surgery. This research paper aims to explore the impact of AI on these surgical domains, including preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, and postoperative care. The paper will also discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of AI in biliary and pancreatic surgery, providing insights into the potential future directions of this transformative technology. https://jmpas.com/abstract/1249

  Pyrazinamide (PZA) resistance presents a significant challenge in tuberculosis (TB) management, particularly in multi-drug resistant (MDR) cases. Understanding the genetic basis of PZA resistance is crucial for effective treatment strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in molecular characterization of PZA resistance, focusing on mutations in the pncA, rpsA, and panD genes. We discuss the prevalence of PZA resistance, mechanisms of resistance, and the utility of genetic analysis in early diagnosis. Key findings from studies investigating PZA resistance in clinical isolates are summarized, highlighting the predominant role of pncA mutations. Additionally, we explore the significance of mutations in rpsA and panD genes, elucidating alternative pathways to PZA resistance. Insights from genetic analysis have implications for personalized treatment approaches and TB control programs. Future directions in research and the potential of molecular ...

  Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing Klebsiella represents one of the greatest challenges in therapeutic management of the patients. Hence, the objective was to determine ESBL producing Klebsiella species and its molecular characterization in clinical samples of tertiary-care hospital. Klebsiella isolated from various samples were included and by using disc diffusion method ESBL detection amongst the Klebsiella isolates along with molecular detection of blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M genes which are associated with ESBL production was done. Results revealed that out of 3194 samples, 200 Klebsiella species were isolated. The ratio of Klebsiella species isolated from inpatient and outpatient departments was 75.5% and 24.5% respectively. The maximum isolates were obtained from men consisting of 57.50% and aged between 31-40 years with 26.50%. Majorly Klebsiella species were isolated from sputum including 30.5%, followed by urine consisting of 28% and pus samples with 19.5%. Fro...

  The purpose of this study was to assess anti- thrombocytopenia of beetroot extract using both in vitro and in silico methods. Additionally, antioxidant capacity, phenolic content, and flavonoid content of beetroot were determined. The extraction procedure was optimized by reflux method, the extracts obtained were examined to determine the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Furthermore, antioxidant capacity was assessed using the DPPH method, while betanin concentration was determined by thin-layer chromatography. This research approach encompasses the binding acticity of ligands and target proteins, the process of docking thrombopoietin receptor (TPOr) and betanin compound using Swissdock, and the examination of docking data using the USCF Chimera software. The studies revealed that the reflux-extracted beetroot extract had a total phenol concentration of 39.72 ± 2.56 m...

  Anemia is a serious global health problem. In Indonesia, anemia is a nutritional problem that must be addressed immediately because its prevalence is quite high. Based on gender, the incidence of anemia in men is 20.3%, and in women, it is 27.2%, so it can be seen from these data that the incidence of anemia is higher in women.The study aimed to assess the effect of providing MMS (Multi Micronutrient Supplement) and video education on increasing Hb (Hemoglobin) levels in adolescent girls. The research was conducted at MA Muhammadiyah Bontorita and MA Babussalam Takalar Regency. With a Quasi-Experimental research design. A total of 70 samples of young women consisted of 35 samples from the intervention group giving MMS and video education and 35 samples from the control group giving MMS without education. Bivariate analysis namely the Wilcoxon test, Man-Whitney test, paired t-test, and independent test. The results analysis of knowledge variables in the intervention group exhibite...

  The quality target product profile was created for therapeutically useful oral solid tablets containing natural extracts. Important quality criteria were recognised. The risk priority no. was used to evaluate critical materials for initial risk assessment. Using Central Composite Design, the effects of critical parameters (croscarmellose sodium & PVP K-30) were investigated. The impact of the formulation variables X1: Croscarmellose sodium and X2: PVP K-30 on responses Y1: DT (Disintegration time in minutes) and Y2: Friability (%) were assessed. Factor X2: PVP K-30 was found to have a substantial impact on both the responses. The optimized formulation having Croscarmellose sodium-20mg/tab and PVP K-30 8 mg/tab meets the QTPP (quality target product profile) and essential requirements for oral solid tablets standards. Present research shows that QbD (quality by design) is an excellent method which comprehending the critical parameters for optimising therapeutically useful oral...

  There are sporadic and inherited variants of the motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Young and middle-aged persons are more likely to get ALS, and there aren't many therapies for it. Even though frontotemporal dementia mostly affects the nervous system and the fact that cognitive and behavioral symptoms have been documented for more than a decade, there are signs that ALS and frontotemporal degeneration coincide medically, radiologically, and pathologically, in addition to genetically. Cognitive decline in ALS is characterized by personality changes, irritability, obsessions, a lack of comprehension, and extensive abnormalities in frontal executive functions. The alterations in personality, social behavior, and executive function seen in frontotemporal dementia are consistent with this presentation. We also provide guidelines for the clinical assessment of frontotemporal dysfunction in patients with ALS. Improved protection for victims and their households a...

  This review focuses on labor pain management during childbirth, encompassing non-pharmacological and pharmaceutical methods. A thorough literature search was conducted across databases like Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The review, comprising eleven studies, explores topics such as the theoretical framework of labor pain management, midwives' knowledge, attitudes, and practices, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic methods, factors influencing midwives’ strategies, and identified gaps and challenges. The conclusion highlights existing literature gaps and emphasizes the potential for future research to enhance midwifery practices, informed decision making, and obstetric outcomes. https://jmpas.com/abstract/1242

  Efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) include eradicating the global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic by 2030. In 2020, the global TB incidence rate stood at 121 per 100,000 people, with 1.1 million children succumbing to the disease worldwide. Indonesia alone recorded 42,187 pediatric TB cases in 2021, emphasizing the urgency of addressing this public health concern.A recent observational study in Makassar City focused on children aged 0-14, revealing 380 cases in 2022, notably concentrated in Labuang Baji Regional Hospital, Tajuddin Chalid Hospital, and Community Center for Lung Health Makassar. Developing countries, where children under 15 constitute 40-50% of the population, witness around 500,000 pediatric TB cases annually, leading to severe morbidity and mortality, especially in those under 14. May to July 2023, researchers conducted a case-control study involving 114 children. The study revealed that malnutrition (with an odds ratio of 2.614 and a 95% conf...